Chemical Intermediate Market Size Worth USD 547.69 Billion by 2035
According to Towards Chemicals and Materials Analytics and Consulting, the global chemical intermediate market size reached USD 310.19 billion in 2025 and is expected to be worth around USD 547.69 billion by 2035, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.85% over the forecast period from 2026 to 2035.
Ottawa, April 20, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) — The global chemical intermediate market was valued at USD 310.19 billion in 2025, is estimated to reach USD 328.34 billion in 2026, and is projected to reach USD 547.69 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 5.85% from 2026 to 2035. In terms of volume, the chemical intermediate market is projected to grow from 1185 million tons in 2025 to 1921.07 million tons by 2035. growing at a CAGR of 4.95% from 2026 to 2035. Asia Pacific dominated the chemical intermediate industry with the largest revenue share of 44% in 2025. A study published by Towards Chemical and Materials a sister firm of Precedence Research.

The chemical intermediate market is achieving steady growth as a result of demand in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers, from industrial growth, process improvements, and increased attention to sustainable chemical production.
Don’t miss out on business opportunities in Chemical Intermediate Market. Speak to our analyst and gain crucial industry insights that will help your business grow. {Download a Sample Report Here@ https://www.towardschemandmaterials.com/download-sample/ 5636 }
Chemical Intermediate Market Report Highlights
- segment held 33% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.7% in the forecast period.
- By application, the plastics and polymers segment dominated the market with 26% share in 2025.
- By application, the pharmaceutical segment held the 28% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.8% in the forecast period.
- By end-use industry, the consumer goods segment dominated the market with 24% share in 2025.
- By end-use industry, the healthcare segment held the 15% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.9% in the forecast period.
- By production process, the batch processing segment dominated the market with 48% share in 2025.
- By production process, the continuous processing segment held 37% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.4% in the forecast period.
- By raw material source, the fossil-based segment dominated the market with 72% share in 2025.
- By raw material source, the bio-based segment held the 28% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 7.2% in the forecast period.
Request Research Report Built Around Your Goals: sales@towardschemandmaterials.com
Market Size and Volume Forecast
- Market Estimated Size (2026): USD 328.34 Billion | CAGR (2026–2035): 5.85%
- Market Projected Size (2035): USD 547.69 Billion
- Market Volume (2025): 1,185.00 Million Tons (MT) | Volume CAGR (2026–2035): 4.95%
- Market Projected Volume (2035): 1,921.07 Million Tons (MT)
- Market Pricing (2025):
- Average Manufacturing Price: USD 825/ton
- Average Selling Price: USD 1,055/ton
- Pricing CAGR (2025–2035): 3.8%
Immediate Delivery Available | Buy This Premium Research Report (Global Deep Dive
USD 3200) https://www.towardschemandmaterials.com/checkout/5636
Why Is Chemical Intermediates Demand Increasing?
Emerging economies are fuelling the growth of chemical intermediates demand as developing nations undergo rapid industrialisation. Chemical intermediates are key components in production. Growing sectors like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialty chemicals are significantly increasing demand to meet their needs for production. Growing performance needs in automotive, construction, and electronics industries positively contribute to the growth of chemical intermediates. Increased funding for R&D is allowing companies to create new, improved, and more efficient and more sustainable intermediate products. Stringent environmental regulations are motivating manufacturers to change their manufacturing processes to be more environmentally friendly and also creating new opportunities for ECIs to be used. Global expansion of trade and supply chain integration is also increasing demand for chemical intermediates.
What are Chemical Intermediate industry Used For
- Chemical intermediates are used in pharmaceuticals to produce active ingredients for medicines like antibiotics and pain relievers, enabling large-scale drug manufacturing.
- In agriculture, they are essential for making fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides that improve crop yield and protect plants.
- They are widely used in plastics and polymers to create materials like polyethylene and polypropylene, which are found in packaging and consumer goods.
- In the textile industry, intermediates help manufacture synthetic fibers such as polyester and are also used in dyeing and finishing fabrics.
- The automotive sector relies on them for producing paints, coatings, adhesives, and rubber components that enhance durability and performance.
- In electronics, chemical intermediates are crucial for manufacturing semiconductors, circuit boards, and other electronic components.
- They are used in construction materials like sealants, insulation, and coatings, improving the strength and longevity of buildings.
- In personal care and cosmetics, intermediates help formulate products such as shampoos, creams, and perfumes, ensuring quality and stability.
Immediate Delivery Available | Buy This Premium Research Report@https://www.towardschemandmaterials.com/download-sample/5636
Chemical Intermediate Market Report Scope
| Report Attribute | Details |
| Market Size and Volume in 2026 | USD 328.34 Billion / 1243.66 Million Metric Tons |
| Expected Size and Volume by 2035 | USD 547.69 Billion / 1921.07 Million Metric Tons |
| Growth Rate from 2026 to 2035 | CAGR 5.85% |
| Base year for estimation | 2025 |
| Historical data | 2021 – 2026 |
| Forecast period | 2026 – 2035 |
| Quantitative units | Revenue in USD million/billion, volume in kilotons, and CAGR from 2026 to 2035 |
| Report coverage | Revenue forecast, volume forecast, company ranking, competitive landscape, growth factors, and trends |
| Segments covered | By Product Type, By Application, By End-Use Industry, By Production Process, By Raw Material Source and By Regions |
| Regional scope | North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Middle East & Africa; Latin America |
| Country scope | U.S.; Canada; Mexico; Germany; UK; France; Italy; Spain; China; India; Japan; South Korea; Brazil; Argentina; South Africa; Saudi Arabia |
| Key companies profiled | Weyerhaeuser, Dewitt Products LLC, Arauco, Gemini Particleboard Pvt Ltd, Norbord, Pine Wood Canada, Wood Resources International LLC, Finsa, Shannon Wood Products, Sukup Manufacturing Co, Kronospan, Biesse SpA, Veneer Products Ltd, Panel Processing Inc, INEOS Group, Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., LG Chem Ltd., Reliance Industries Limited |
Chemical Intermediate Market Dynamics
Drivers
What are the Key Growth Drivers of the Chemical Intermediate Market?
The chemical intermediate market is primarily driven by surging demand from the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and polymer industries, alongside rapid industrialization, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. Key factors include the adoption of green chemistry and bio-based alternatives, high-value manufacturing, process intensification technologies, and strategic capacity expansions. Developing nations are boosting demand for raw materials to support infrastructure, construction, and consumer goods manufacturing.
Market Opportunity
How Are Chemical Intermediates Affecting the Development of Future Industries?
The chemical intermediates industry is positioned well for strong future potential due to increased usage from the pharmaceuticals, agrochemical and specialty chemical industries. Investment in green chemistry and bio-based intermediates is also generating new sustainable production pathways that have less environmental impact while still complying with government regulations. With increasing demand for electric vehicles and electronics, demand for higher quality intermediates to be used in batteries and advanced materials is on the rise.
In addition, increased urbanization will continue to enhance supply chains in developing nations as well as increase consumption. Also, innovations in process technology are helping improve efficiency, effectiveness and reduce costs through the use of catalytic and digital manufacturing processes. As industries focus more on custom and high-purity compounds, manufacturers are looking to take advantage of new technologies to create new opportunities globally
Restrains
What are the Key Growth Restraints of the Chemical Intermediate Market?
Key growth restraints for the chemical intermediate market include stringent environmental regulations requiring costly compliance, high raw material price volatility, specifically petrochemical feedstocks, and global supply chain disruptions. Additionally, the shift toward sustainable/bio-based alternatives, geopolitical tensions, and high capital investment requirements limit market expansion.
Segmental Insights
Product Type Insights
The Basic Chemicals Segment Dominated The Market With 52% Market Share In 2025
The basic chemicals segment dominated the market with 52% share in 2025, driven by high-purity, versatile products such as ethylene amines and caustic products, which are critical to expanding downstream industries like pharmaceuticals and electronics. Growth is further fueled by rapid industrialization, the adoption of sustainable alternatives, and a strong rebound in demand across Asia Pacific.

The specialty intermediates segment held 33% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.7% in the forecast period, driven by surging demand from pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and high-performance materials. This growth is catalyzed by the shift towards green chemistry, supply chain diversification, and the adoption of advanced manufacturing technologies. The adoption of continuous-flow production and biocatalysis is enhancing productivity, lowering costs, and driving market development.
The fine chemicals segment held 15% market share in 2025, driven by surging demand for high-purity intermediates in pharmaceuticals and advanced agrochemicals. Growth is accelerated by increased outsourcing to Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (CDMOs) and adoption of green chemistry. Increasing adoption of green chemistry to minimize environmental impact attracts regulatory support and meets demand for eco-friendly products.
Application Insights
The Plastics and Polymers Segment Dominated The Market With 26% Market Share In 2025
The plastics and polymers segment dominated the market with 26% share in 2025, driven by surging demand for lightweight, durable materials in packaging, automotive, and construction, alongside a massive shift toward sustainable, bio-based polymers. Increased regulatory pressure and environmental awareness are driving demand for biodegradable, bio-based plastics and circular polymers.
The pharmaceuticals segment held 28% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.8% in the forecast period, due to surging demand for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), rising chronic disease prevalence, and increased outsourcing to Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs). The market is further boosted by advancements in drug delivery, generic expansion, and the need for specialty, high-purity intermediates.
The agrochemicals segment held 22% market share in 2025, due to surging demand for food, increasing pest resistance necessitating new formulations, and a shift toward sustainable, precision agriculture. Increasing consumption of cereals and grains requires higher crop yields, boosting the consumption of crop protection chemicals. There is strong growth in bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers, aligned with global sustainability goals, alongside AI-integrated precision farming.
The textiles segment held 14% market share in 2025, driven by a strong shift toward sustainable “green” chemistry, the expansion of technical textiles in industries like automotive and healthcare, and the rapid rise of digital printing technologies. Technical textiles, such as those used for protective clothing, medical applications (PPE), and automotive, are growing faster than traditional apparel. These materials require specialized chemical treatments, including antimicrobial agents, flame retardants, and water repellents.
End-Use Industry Insights
The Consumer Goods Segment Dominated The Market With 24% Share In 2025
The consumer goods segment dominated the market with 24% share in 2025. The chemical intermediate market plays a crucial role in consumer goods by supplying essential raw materials used to produce products like plastics, cosmetics, detergents, and textiles. These intermediates enable efficient large-scale manufacturing, improve product quality, and support innovation, helping companies meet consumer demand while maintaining cost-effectiveness and consistent performance across industries.
The healthcare segment held the 15% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.9% in the forecast period. The chemical intermediate market is vital in healthcare, providing key compounds used in the production of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical supplies. These intermediates enable precise drug formulation, ensure consistency and safety, and support large-scale manufacturing, helping improve treatment effectiveness, accelerate drug development, and meet the growing global demand for reliable healthcare solutions.
Production Process Insights
The Batch Processing Segment Dominated The Market With 48% Market Share In 2025
The batch processing segment dominated the market with 48% share in 2025, driven by a surge in demand for specialty chemicals, personalized pharmaceuticals, and high-purity intermediates. While continuous manufacturing is gaining traction, batch processing is rapidly evolving through digitalization and modularization to meet needs for flexibility, traceability, and stringent regulatory compliance. Batch processes are being transformed by Industry 4.0 technologies. The integration of IoT, artificial intelligence (AI), and advanced process control (APC) is reducing human error and boosting efficiency.
The continuous processing segment held 37% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 6.4% in the forecast period, driven by the need for higher production efficiency, reduced waste, and improved safety. The shift toward flow chemistry allows for superior process control, optimized heat transfer, and faster product development cycles compared to traditional batch methods, notably in specialty chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
The bioprocessing segment held 15% market share in 2025, driven by a rapid shift toward sustainable, bio-based alternatives and the surging demand for biologics. The market is transforming from traditional petroleum-based synthetic methods to industrial bioprocessing using microorganisms, enzymes, and cell cultures to produce chemicals, to achieve lower carbon emissions, better production efficiency, and improved product sustainability.
Raw Material Source Insights
The Fossil-Based Segment Dominated The Market With 72% Market Share In 2025
The fossil-based segment dominated the market with 72% share in 2025, due to established infrastructure, cost efficiency, and high-volume demand in petrochemicals. The growth of the market supports large-scale petrochemical production due to increased demand. The industry also benefits from established supply chains, which increase exports to consumers. Maintains cost competitiveness, further fuels the growth and expansion of the market.
The bio-based segment held 28% market share in 2025 and is expected to have the fastest growth with a CAGR of 7.2% in the forecast period, driven by rising demand for sustainable alternatives, advancements in biotechnology (fermentation/enzyme engineering), and stringent environmental regulations. Key growth factors include increased investment in biomass refineries, favorable government policies, and a strategic shift from petro-based to renewable feedstocks.
Regional Insights
Why did the Asia Pacific Dominate the Chemical Intermediate Market in 2025?
The Asia Pacific chemical intermediate market size was estimated at USD 136.48 billion in 2025 and is projected to reach USD 243.72 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 5.97% from 2026 to 2035.

Asia Pacific is the Dominate region for chemical intermediates because of such things as increased industrialization, increased manufacturing, and increased demand for chemical intermediates from industries that use chemical intermediates such as textiles, buildings/construction, and pharmaceuticals. Asia Pacific attracts chemical manufacturers on a global basis due to its cost-effective chemical production capabilities and availability of necessary raw materials. Rapid urban growth and expanding infrastructure will also serve to increase demand for chemical intermediates in Asia Pacific.
Additionally, government initiatives that encourage the expansion of chemical production facilities and manufacturers that invest in expanding chemical production materials will further accelerate growth in this market.
- For instance in March 2026, India launched anti-dumping probe into Ethyl chloroformate an organic chemical intermediate imports from China after domestic producer Paushak alleged unfairly low pricing.
India Chemical Intermediate Market Growth Factor
The Indian chemical intermediate market is driven by booming demand in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, shifting global manufacturing to India, and robust investment in petrochemicals. Key drivers include the “Make in India” initiative, high demand for specialty chemicals, and increasing exports. Manufacturers are moving to India to diversify supply chains, supported by Government policies like Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes.

North America Chemical Intermediate Market Growth Factor
North America is a fastest growing region the chemical intermediate market because of its developed manufacturing base, the presence of many specialties chemical manufacturers located there, and demands from the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and polymer industries. Along with well-established supply chains, continued investment in research and development, and focus on high-performance and sustainable intermediates, demand is increasing for chemical intermediates. Furthermore, the presence of regulations that are favorable to innovation and the adoption of advanced manufacturing technology can lead to greater efficiency for chemical intermediates. The continuing establishment of alliances between manufacturers of chemical intermediates and end-users will help maintain North America’s leading position in the market.
U.S. Chemical Intermediate Market Growth Factor
The U.S. chemical intermediate market is growing, driven by robust demand in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and specialized manufacturing, alongside a strong shift toward sustainable, bio-based alternatives. Growth is supported by increased industrial infrastructure investment and the need for high-performance specialty chemicals, despite challenges from regulatory pressures and geopolitical uncertainties.
Europe: The Sustainability and Advanced Innovation
Europe continues to strengthen its position as a key hub in the chemical intermediates market, accounting for nearly 18% of global share. What sets the region apart is its uncompromising focus on sustainability and regulatory compliance. Policies like the European Green Deal are not just guidelines—they are actively reshaping how chemicals are produced and consumed.
Countries such as Germany, France, and Netherlands are at the center of this transformation, supported by strong industrial ecosystems and innovation-driven strategies. Major players like BASF SE and Covestro AG are heavily investing in research and development to create eco-friendly and high-performance chemical solutions.
Middle East & Africa: Resource Advantage Meets Industrial Growth
The Middle East and Africa region, though smaller with about 5% global share, is steadily gaining importance in the chemical intermediates market. Its growth is largely supported by rich natural resources and increasing diversification efforts across economies.
Key countries like Saudi Arabia and South Africa are witnessing rising demand from sectors such as oil & gas, agriculture, and construction. Industry leaders like SABIC continue to play a dominant role, while new investments are shaping a more competitive landscape.
With strategic geographic positioning and ongoing industrial expansion, the region is becoming an attractive destination for chemical manufacturing and global investments.
More Insights in Towards Chemical and Materials:
- Agrochemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 485.13 Billion by 2035
- Generative AI in Chemical Market Hits $ 4978.04 Billion By 2034
- Chemical Distribution Market Size to Reach USD 552.83 Bn by 2035
- Fluorochemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 63.53 Billion by 2035
- Fermentation Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 169.66 Bn by 2035
- Fracking Chemicals And Fluids Market Size to Hit USD 70.64 Bn by 2035
- Specialty Pulp & Paper Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 32.91 Bn by 2035
- Oilfields Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 54.90 Billion by 2035
- Renewable Chemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 438.57 Bn by 2035
- Surface Treatment Chemical Market Size to Hit USD 14.51 Billion by 2035
- Fire Fighting Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 4.88 Billion by 2035
- Semiconductor Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 52.35 Billion by 2035
- Performance Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 582.98 Billion by 2035
- Sustainable Paper Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 62.12 Billion by 2035
- Chemical Decarbonization Market Size to Surpass USD 665.56 Bn by 2035
- Carbon Capture Utilization Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 527.01 Bn by 2035
- Petrochemical Recycling Market Size to Hit USD 53.08 Billion by 2035
- Chemical Recycling of Plastics Market Size to Hit USD 47.60 Bn by 2035
- Precision Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 127.16 Bn by 2035
- Industrial Cleaning Chemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 81.97 Billion by 2035
- Nanochemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 43.93 Billion by 2035
- Chemicals Industry Market Size to Surpass USD 1,413.51 Bn by 2035
- Oilfield Chemicals Market Size to Reach USD 53.38 Bn by 2035
- Chemical Informatics Market Size to Hit USD 20.94 Billion by 2035
- Specialty Oilfield Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 26.03 Bn by 2035
- Aroma Chemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 11.63 Billion by 2035
- Industrial Water Treatment Chemical Market Size to Hit USD 32.34 Bn by 2035
- Industrial and Institutional Cleaning Chemicals Market Size, Report 2034
- Water Treatment Chemicals Market Size to Reach USD 58.16 Bn by 2034
- Crop Protection Chemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 163.08 Bn by 2035
- Green Chemicals Market Size to Surpass USD 29.49 Billion by 2034
- Waterproofing Chemicals Market Size to Surge USD 15.23 Billion by 2034
- Commodity Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 1,549.36 Bn by 2034
- Flame Retardant Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 13.60 Bn by 2034
- Textile Chemicals Market Size to Surge USD 50.84 Billion by 2034
- Electronic Materials and Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 145.17 Bn by 2035
- Froth Flotation Chemicals Market Size to Surge USD 3.26 Bn by 2034
- Lithium Chemicals Market Size to Surge USD 196.28 Billion by 2034
- Sustainability Chemical Market Size to Reach USD 161.73 Billion by 2034
- Bio-Based Platform Chemicals Market Size to Hit USD 48.46 Bn by 2034
- Boiler Water Treatment Chemicals Market Size to Reach USD 15.46 Bn by 2034
Chemical Intermediate Market Top Key Companies:
- Weyerhaeuser
- Dewitt Products LLC
- Arauco
- Gemini Particleboard Pvt Ltd
- Norbord
- Pine Wood Canada
- Wood Resources International LLC
- Finsa
- Shannon Wood Products
- Sukup Manufacturing Co
- Kronospan
- Biesse SpA
- Veneer Products Ltd
- Panel Processing Inc
- INEOS Group
- Mitsubishi Chemical Group Corporation
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
- LG Chem Ltd.
- Reliance Industries Limited
What are the Major Developments in the Chemical Intermediate Market?
- In April 2026, Air Liquide launched its first advanced materials manufacturing plant in Taiwan to produce high-precision molecules for semiconductor fabrication, strengthening supply chains and enabling next-generation AI and high-performance computing chip development in Asia.
- In July 2025, Mitsubishi Chemical Group and ENEOS launched an advanced recycling facility in Japan using Mura’s Hydro-PRT technology, enabling conversion of waste plastics into recycled oil for reuse in chemicals and fuels, supporting circular economy goals and sustainable material production.
- In October 2025, Chemetall and Londian Wason partnered to introduce an industry-first chromium- and fluoride-free passivation technology (Gardolene D) for copper foils, enhancing battery efficiency, durability, and sustainability while supporting electric vehicle and energy storage advancements globally.
Chemical Intermediate Market Report Segmentation
This report forecasts revenue growth at global, regional, and country levels and provides an analysis of the latest industry trends in each of the sub-segments from 2019 to 2035. For this study, Towards Chemical and Materials has segmented the global Chemical Intermediate Market
By Product Type
- Basic Chemicals
- Petrochemical Intermediates
- Ethylene Derivatives
- Propylene Derivatives
- Inorganic Intermediates
- Acids
- Alkalis
- Petrochemical Intermediates
- Specialty Intermediates
- Pharmaceutical Intermediates
- API Intermediates
- Custom Intermediates
- Agrochemical Intermediates
- Herbicide Intermediates
- Pesticide Intermediates
- Polymer Additives Intermediates
- Pharmaceutical Intermediates
- Fine Chemicals
- Electronic Chemicals
- Flavors & Fragrances Intermediates
By Application
- Pharmaceuticals
- Generic Drugs
- Specialty Drugs
- Agrochemicals
- Fertilizers
- Crop Protection Chemicals
- Plastics & Polymers
- Packaging
- Automotive Plastics
- Textiles
- Dyes
- Finishing Chemicals
- Electronics
- Semiconductors
- Display Materials
By End-Use Industry
- Healthcare
- Agriculture
- Automotive
- Construction
- Electronics & Electrical
- Consumer Goods
By Production Process
- Batch Processing
- Continuous Processing
- Bioprocessing
By Raw Material Source
- Fossil-based
- Oil-derived
- Gas-derived
- Bio-based
- Plant-based Feedstock
- Waste-derived Feedstock
By Regional
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Immediate Delivery Available | Buy This Premium Research Report@
https://www.towardschemandmaterials.com/checkout/5636
About Us
Towards Chemical and Materials is a leading global consulting firm specializing in providing comprehensive and strategic research solutions across the chemical and materials industries. With a highly skilled and experienced consultant team, we offer a wide range of services designed to empower businesses with valuable insights and actionable recommendations.
To find out more, visit www. Towards Chemicals and Materials Analytics and Consulting ™.com or follow us on Twitter, LinkedIn
Contact:
Towards Chemicals and Materials Analytics and Consulting
USA: +1 804 441 9344
APAC: +61 485 981 310 or +91 87933 22019
Europe: +44 7383 092 044
Email: sales@towardschemandmaterials.com
Visit Our Website: https://www.towardschemandmaterials.com/
Disclaimer: The above press release comes to you under an arrangement with GlobeNewswire. SingaporeOutlook.com takes no editorial responsibility for the same.